What is the difference between a checked and unchecked exceptions?

In Java, exceptions are divided into two main categories: checked and unchecked exceptions. Here’s a clear breakdown to help you grasp the difference:

✅ Checked Exceptions

• These are checked at compile-time.
• Java forces you to either handle them using try-catch or declare them using throws.
• They represent recoverable conditions, like file not found, network issues, or database access errors.

Example:

Common checked exceptions:

• IOException
• SQLException
• FileNotFoundException

⚠️ Unchecked Exceptions

• These are not checked at compile-time—they occur at runtime.
• Java does not require you to handle them explicitly.
• They typically represent programming bugs, like logic errors or improper use of APIs.

Example:

Common unchecked exceptions:

🧠 Quick Summary:

Think of checked exceptions like seatbelts—you must buckle up before driving (compiling). Unchecked exceptions are more like potholes—Java won’t stop you, but you might hit one if you’re not careful.